Natural rivers usually have a main channel and a few tributaries. A confluence is the meeting of a tributary and the main channel. A typical phenomenon in many hydraulic engineering problems is the confluence of two streams. ...

The formation of landslide dams is a very common phenomenon around the world, especially in mountainous regions having steep narrow valleys. The formation and breach of these dams pose a great threat to the people and ...

Pakistan is water scarce country, so water sector industry is one of the most essential industry in Pakistan and a critical asset in helping the country to face the current and future challenges. The performance of water ...

Pothwar plateau is among some of the most fascinating landscapes. The area is bounded by the salt range in the south, Murree Hills in the north and Kohat plateau in the west. Here several peaks of mountain deeply incised ...

Significant amount of water is lost in canals due to seepage. This could be saved to irrigate barren land. This present research study presents the measured seepage data by the inflow-outflow method on seven so-called ...

Constructed Wetlands are artificially designed wetlands used for treating organic, inorganic and excess nutrient contaminant in water. It enhances the quality of water through physical, chemical and biological processes. ...

Stream flow estimation under changing climate and land use practices is an immense challenge. This study estimated the runoff of Soan river basin using a semi distributed hydrological model SWAT. Sentinel-2 landuse imagery ...

Geophysical study for groundwater in east of Sargodha using vertical electrical sounding (VES) has been conducted. The aims are to assess the groundwater potential, aquifer forms, depth to aquiferous zones, aquifer parameters ...

Freshwater “inadequacy” and security have been determined to be chief global environmental problems of 21st century. Pakistan is considered as “water stressed” country in the world. About 65% of the region in Pakistan is ...

Floods are considered one of the most disastrous environmental hazards world-wide, claiming millions of lives, causing widespread damage to life and property. Pakistan is located in a region which is exceedingly susceptible ...