Genome Wide Analysis of Ethylene Responsive Factors (ERF’s) Associated with Stress Responses in Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Abstract

Wheat is the largest crop that is grown among all major and important crops across globe. Wheat is the oldest edible crop that is domesticated and has been the requisite of civilizations such as Europe, West Asia and many other regions from 8000 years. Of the thousands of types known, the foremost vital is common wheat (Triticum aestivum). Bread wheat is a hexaploid specie, with a genome of 17 Giga bites, consisting of linked but separately sustained genomes. Plants have developed remarkable receptive approaches to different stress circumstances, and at the molecular level a cascade of interconnected networks is regulated by signal cascades. Stress responses include different stages such as signal recognition, signal transduction, and gene expression of response related genes. Abiotic and biotic stresses are natural stresses wheat and other plants face which raises a question and challenging environment for survival. The AP2/ERF superfamily consist of conserved AP2 DNA binding domains of about 57–66 amino acids. The AP2/ERF superfamily consists of three families known as Apetala2, ERF, and RAV families, dependent on the number of apetala2 domains and homology based on sequence; the ERF proteins having single AP2 domain; and the RAV family proteins consisting two DNA binding domains that are different, AP2 and B3.The structural Analysis of ERFs in wheat paved way for combating various stress responses in wheat and network analysis showed various linked proteins responsive to various stress factors.