Fabrication and characterization of triple cation mixed halide perovskite solar cells using MAClx Mahnoor Mirza 00000203161

Abstract

Perovskite solar cell (PSC) is a modern competitor within a photovoltaic research community. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of a PSC has extended from 3.8% to above 22%, which interprets one of the fastest growths in a PV community. Perovskite as a light-harvesting layer has captivating photonic and electrical properties like long diffusion length, high absorption coefficient, low bandgap, less defect density and less excitons binding energy. Considering these properties, perovskite have become an outstanding choice for thinfilm solar cells. Bandgap tunability of PSC makes them interesting with other established solar cell technologies. Planar PSC with mixed cations and halide perovskite were prepared which reveals better performance in contrast with single cation/halide perovskite. In addition, bandgap of a perovskite material can be tuned by incorporating mixed cations/halides into single cation/halide perovskite. Mixed cations (MA, FA, Cs) with mixed anions (Br, Cl, I) was used with different concentrations of MACl (0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.07M/L). MACl helps in the crystal nucleation process. MACl0.025 exhibits a highest PCE of 16.4%. Perovskite with this concentration produced large grain size and reduce the pinholes. Overall PSC performance varies between MACl0.025 and MACl0.05. Moreover, device without encapsulation under a dark environment with controlled relative humidity could still maintain 71% of the original PCE after six days.