Camel milk derived milk fat globule membrane based liposomes as an oral insulin delivery solution on the Streptozotocin induced diabetic wistar rats

Abstract

Diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder categorized by an abnormally high blood glucose level. Insulin, an hormone secreted by the pancreas, is a critical hormone that the body requires because it facilitates the passage of glucose into cells. For many years, orally administered insulin therapy was employed; however, coagulation in an acidic environment reduces the efficiency of insulin by neutralizing its activities. Camel milk has long been used in diabetes because of antidiabetic potential. In this study camel milk derived milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) derived liposomes have been loaded with insulin to formulate orally effective formulations of insulin. The liposomes were prepared by thin film hydration and hydrated with insulin solution in PBS. Liposomes were characterized via optical microscopy, SEM, Zeta, FTIR and encapsulation efficiency was calculated via UV-Vis. In vitro Cytotoxic analysis of the liposomes were observed on the HEK-293 cell lines via MTT assay and < 90 per cent cell viability was found in all groups. In in vivo analysis on streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic wistar rats a significant hypoglycemic effect has been observed with adjusted P value < 0.0001 for all treatment groups. To analyze the therapeutic effect of treatments, the kidney and liver function tests were also observed. All the given treatments significantly reduced the bilirubin, ALP, albumin, and ALT level by P value < 0.0001 and P = 0.0068, P = 0.0016, and P = 0.0016 respectively. Similarly, the creatinine level was significantly decreased by the treatment by adjusted P value < 0.0001. However, non significant results for the uric acid level in the treatment groups were observed with P value P = 0.1770. The liver histopathological analysis showed recovery in all treatment groups whereas no changes has been observed in the histopathological section of kidney. The results of current study show that orally administered insulin loaded liposomes formulated from camel milk derived MFGM has significant hypoglycemic effects.