Abstract:
Significant global environmental challenges, such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions,
petroleum dependency, and poverty, greatly burden the country's economy and environment. The transportation industry is intricate, with substantial implications for the country's environmental, energy, and economic landscape. The proposed research is based on a techno-economic and environmental evaluation of internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs), hybrid electric
vehicles, and electric vehicles (EVs) for the carbon-intensive grid (India and South Africa),
intermediate carbon grid (Pakistan and the United States), and low carbon grid (Norway and France) using RET Screen software. The A-1: ICEVs to hybrid vehicles proposed scenario, the study reveals a 7% reduction in fuel consumption, fuel costs, and emissions. The A-2: ICEVs to EVs scenario shows a saving of 61.5% on fuel consumption and 70% on fuel costs. GHG emissions reductions are 49% increment for carbon-intensive grid, 11.9% and 93.3% reduction,
respectively. The analysis indicates that EVs are the optimal choice for low and intermediate carbon grid, while hybrid vehicles are used in carbon-intensive grid. Governments are
recommended to provide subsidies for EV and hybrid vehicle purchases and promote public private partnerships and international collaboration for the research, development, and adoption of EVs and hybrid vehicles.
