Climate-Induced Flooding Contributes to Infectious and Zoonotic Disease Transmission: A Case Study of 2022 Floods in Pakistan

Abstract

Pakistan, a country frequently plagued by severe flooding, faces increasing vulnerability to climate-induced disasters due to climate change, resulting in serious public health concerns. This study examines the 2022 floods in Pakistan to explore the relationship between climate-induced floods and the transmission of infectious and zoonotic diseases. The research employs an exploratory case study methodology, combining thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with experts in disaster management, public health, and climate change, qualitative content analysis of national policy documents, and geospatial mapping of flood-affected districts. Guided by Nancy Krieger’s Ecosocial theory and the One Health approach, the study reveals three critical issues hampering effective public health responses: gaps in public health infrastructure, inadequate policy integration, and socio-economic and sociodemographic factors that amplify vulnerability in flood-prone areas. Geospatial analysis indicates that Sindh, Balochistan, Punjab, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa provinces were most affected by the 2022 floods, with Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa at the highest risk of disease outbreaks. Despite limitations related to data availability and qualitative analysis, the findings underscore the need for strengthened disease surveillance, One Health implementation, and coordinated policies to mitigate future climaterelated health crises, enhance community resilience, and improve public awareness.