Abstract:
Building energy management (BEM) with emphasis on Energy storage Systems for the
household energy management is a conducive approach to navigate the challenges of
energy demand uncertainty with limited grid energy supply. However, managing the
efficiency and affordability of ESS for the residential consumers is quite dynamic and
complex particularly for the third world countries which are struggling with accelerated
population, declining economy and climate change vulnerabilities. Therefore,
considering Pakistan as a case study, this study aims to predict demand uncertainty
using BEM for the green buildings which are dependent upon efficient ESS and
compares the levelized cost of storage (LCOS) between lithium-ion batteries (LiB) and
lead acid batteries (LaB). BEM assists in analyzing the impact of weather on the energy
load profile across various climatic zones in the major cities of Pakistan and aids in
determining the size of photovoltaic (PV) systems and ESS). In addition, three green
residential buildings are distributed as small, medium, and large houses, each with three
occupancy profiles: low, medium, and high energy consumption across three distinct
locales. The findings indicate that both ESS are the significant options to manage
energy requirements of green buildings, irrespective of building size or occupancy
profile. Moreover, the findings suggest that lithium-ion batteries are relatively better in
terms of demand variability, as it exhibits greater resilience to fluctuations and continue
to be appealing in such contexts. The uncertainty analysis reveals that the LCOS value
is between 0.002¢/kWh and 169¢/kWh for all the selected ESS. More specifically,
between 0.002¢/kWh and 61.9¢/kWh for LiB, and between 2.1¢/kWh and 169¢/kWh
for LaB.
