Design and Development of non-invasive RF-Based Prototype for Bone Health Evaluation

Abstract

Recognizing the growing prevalence of skeletal health disorders in developing countries, this study introduces a novel non-invasive radio frequency (RF)-based prototype for evaluating bone health. Conventional diagnostic methods, such as dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)scans, are hindered by factorssuch aslimited accessibility, high costs, radiation expo sure, necessitating the need of alternative, non invasive technologies. This research highlights RF technology to address bone health challenges by designing and optimizing a prototype that operates within the ISM frequency band. High-resolution CT scans were utilized to con struct detailed 3D bone model, accurately capturing the anatomical complexities of cortical and trabecular layers. Two identical microstrip patch antennas were designed specifically for on-body operation at 2.45 GHz, ensuring performance tailored to this application. A conceptual framework was developed, employing strategically placed antennas to an alyze electromagnetic energy transfer through a bone model. Using both simulation and experimental methods, the study investigated the variations in transmission coefficients and scattering parameters (S-parameters). These parameters were used to assess the dielectric properties of the bone, which were assigned separately to the bone microstructure. Notably, trends in the s11 (reflection) and s21 (transmission) parameters were observed. Sensitivity tests based on dielectric properties and distance between antennas were also to check influ ence of energy interaction within the bone model. This study is unique in its content to offer deeper insights into the complex interplay between RF signals and natural structures, providing an essential foundation for the analysis of bone porosity and structural integrity. Experimental findings demonstrated that the dielectric properties of the bone significantly influence the reflection and transmission characteristics of the antennas. Real-time measure ments further validated these observations, highlighting the potential of this approach to provide insights into bone porosity and structure. This research highlights the transforma tive potential of RF technology in orthopedic diagnostics, offering a non-invasive, accessible, and safer alternative for bone health research. This method holds particular promise for regions where traditional diagnostic techniques are either unavailable or impractical. By pi oneering this innovative solution, the study aims to contribute to global efforts in improving bone health management and reducing the burden of skeletal disorders.