Abstract:
Since 1990 The Indus Delta mangroves have experienced major transformations in their land use
and land cover (LULC) patterns. This investigation analyzed historical LULC modifications
together with mangrove health assessments through spectral vegetative index measurements as
well as socio-economic investigations for mangrove declining effects. Research findings showed
major mangrove areas disappeared because of urban development alongside agricultural
development and natural climate events such as cyclones together with growing sea levels. The
increased presence of water bodies indicated the combined effects between flooding and rising sea
levels as water bodies expanded simultaneously with agricultural development and built-up
expansion which added stress to natural systems. The vegetation health indicators NDMI and
NDVI show progressing decline since recent years while environmental stressors have proven to
be leading causes of this negative change. Research data from local communities demonstrated
that socio-economic challenges have created two major problems through job loss and greater risk
exposure to climate-driven events. SPSS software performed Pearson correlation tests to verify the
accuracy of each measurement item versus the total score in determining their appropriate
application. The validity analysis shows strong relationships between important study questions
mainly focusing on livelihood aspects and health indicators and income conditions, but some items
need improvements or removal. Mangrove restoration initiatives have been established although
ongoing human activities and climate change events endanger the sustainable state of the Indus
Delta ecosystem thus requiring immediate conservation and mitigation actions.
