Design, Synthesis, and Electrochemical Performance of Copper Phthalocyanine/Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanocomposites for Detection of the Neurotransmitter Acetylcholine

Abstract

The identification of chemical compounds is crucial in medical diagnostics and environmental protection. Due to the increasing importance of nanotechnology, carbon-based nanomaterials have been significant in enhancing sensor performance by enhancing sensitivity and signal detection. g-C3N4-CuPc nanocomposites in three distinct ratios (1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:2) were synthesized and analyzed to develop an electrochemical acetylcholine sensor. The sensor performance has been evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SQW), and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The outcomes demonstrated the immense potential for highly sensitive cholinergic detection of these nanocomposites. For concentration studies using (CV). Within the 1 to 1000 µM range, the sensitivity was 93.207 µA µM⁻¹ cm⁻², with a LoD of 0.149 µM and a LoQ of 0.497 µM. When the concentration range was lowered to 1 to 50 µM, the sensitivity was 77.358 µA µM⁻¹ cm⁻², with a LoD of 0.179 µM and a LoQ of 0.599 µM. Over the broader range of 70 to 1000 µM, the sensitivity increased to 137.169 µA µM⁻¹ cm⁻² with a LoD of 0.101 µM and a LoQ of 0.338 µM. With a linear range covering from 1 to 1000 µM, DPV demonstrated a sensitivity of 11.792 µA µM⁻¹ cm⁻², a LoD of 0.182 µM, and a LoQ of 0.609 µM. With a LoD of 0.134 µM and a LoQ of 0.448 µM, the sensitivity increased to 16.037 µA µM⁻¹ cm⁻² while concentrating on the 1 to 50 µM range. With a LoD of 0.285 µM and a LoQ of 0.827 µM, the sensitivity in the 70 to 1000 µM range was 8.679 µA µM⁻¹ cm⁻².With a LoD and LoQ of 3.169 µM and 10.565 µM, respectively. The entire linear range of 1 to 1000 µM yielded a sensitivity of 13.094 µA µM⁻¹ cm⁻² for SQW. With a LoD of 0.201 µM and a LoQ of 0.627 µM, the sensitivity of 205.660 µA µM⁻¹ cm⁻² was noticeably higher in the 1 to 50 µM range. The sensitivity was 75.094 µA µM⁻¹ cm⁻² in the 70–1000 µM range, with a LoD of 0.553 µM and a LoQ of 1.842 µM.