Trade Costs of Pakistan with Major Trading Partners: Measurement and Determinants

Abstract

Trade costs are cited as an important determinant of volume of trade. Higher trade cost is an obstacle to trade as it impedes the realization of gains from trade liberalisation. Determinants of trade costs of Pakistan for the period 2003-2012 with its major trading partners across Asia, European Union and North America are investigated. Several gravity type variables have been used as determinants of trade costs. Trade costs for agricultural and non-agricultural sector are also calculated using a micro-founded trade costs measure. Estimates of trade costs equivalents show a declining trend of trade costs estimates over the period of study. Fully Modified Ordinary Least Square estimation of the model shows that tariff rates and distance between the trading partners increase the bilateral trade costs and thus adversely affect trade. Results show that improvements in port infrastructure and membership of free trade agreement significantly reduce the trade costs. Z-test shows that the effect of determinants of trade costs for agricultural and non-agricultural sectors is invariant. Some policy implications are also discussed.