Tracking of Novel Plasmid mediated Azithromycin's resistant & virulence genes in Salmonella Typhi

Abstract

Typhoid fever is a serious public health threat for which the needs of antimicrobial treatment are increasing. This acute illness coupled with fever caused by the virulent and pathogenic multi-drug resistance plus extensively-drug resistant salmonella enterica typhi bacteria. A total of 85 fresh human clinical Salmonella Enterica Serovar typhi isolates were recovered from patients in different hospitals of Pakistan during the period of 2020-2021. Of the total 85 samples, 35 (40.4%) strains were phenotypic azithromycin-resistant while, 24 (28.5%) were genotypic azithromycinresistant strains of S.typhi. The PCR analysis publicized that 59 isolates (69.5%) contained acrB gene expression and 46 isolates (54.7%) carried rplV gene expression and all the isolates carried rplV gene expression were also positive for acrB gene. Similarly, the virulotyping of three specified genes such as; pefA, sopE1 and gipA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of salmonella typhi isolates was also done in this study. By using Pearson’s chi-square test, a significance differences were observed between MDR and XDR status with specified virulence genes. However, no significant differences were identified among any virulence gene and antibiotic resistance patterns at less than p value (p<.05). In addition, the final product of two-way factorial ANOVA identifies significant differences between both factors i.e., virulence genes and AR patterns, with F calculated is bigger than F-critical value. However, the interaction effect between virulent and AR-status was not significant, as F-calculated was smaller (1.014) than F-critical (3.84). This study is designed to determine whether there is a complex relationship exists between AR status and virulence genes of S-typhi. However, the study of rplV gene expression is Novel in Pakistan and is conducting for the first time in this study. The findings from this study will help the scientific community to permit a better perceptive of pathogenic character of salmonella typhi and to develop a modified-treatment strategy that will help in the management, cure and prevention from salmonellosis.