Abstract:
This study critically examines the human rights violations faced by transgender individuals (intersex) in Rawalpindi and Islamabad, Pakistan, through the framework of Johan Galtung’s Peace and Violence theory. Using this theory, the research investigates into how cultural and structural violence perpetuates inequality and marginalization resulting in direct violence against trans individuals. Utilizing both qualitative interviews of experts, transgenders and document analysis, the study documents the instances of systemic discrimination, social exclusion, and institutional violence, highlighting the lived experiences of transgender individuals in a society deeply rooted in patriarchal norms. Additionally, the Johan Galtung ABC Conflict Triangle model is also used in this study to categorize and analyse the aspects of human behaviour that lead to the marginalization of the transgenders. It also offers suggestions for mending cultural and structural behaviours to reduce the number of violations on transgender human rights. The study also explores ways to promote positive peace through inclusive policies, institutional and public awareness, educating trans parents, and involving religious leaders. Ultimately, calling for an urgent re-evaluation of legal frameworks and a determined effort to change societal attitudes, aiming to bring about social change and uphold the fundamental human rights of transgender individuals in Pakistan.
