Unveiling Extremism in Higher Education Institutions and Its Prevention Through Peace Education: A Case of Two Universities in Islamabad, Pakistan

Abstract

The purpose of this research is to critically investigate the tendencies of extremism among students in the universities of Pakistan, and its relationship with its key drivers and counter-measures based on elements of peace education program. This mixed method research makes use of both qualitative data and quantitative data. Where qualitative data is gathered by semi-structured interviews and focused group discussion while quantitative data is gathered by administrating surveys in two universities. The case studies undertaken for this research are Quaid-e-Azam University and International Islamic University, Islamabad from where 340 surveys were collected to determine the tendencies of extremism among students, along with its primary causes and counter-measures. Through the primary gained by conducting interviews and focused group discussions, it was revealed that that in recent times students are more prone to extremist ideas, have a growing sense of exclusivity, and tend to negate differences that are present among groups. Further reinforcing these results, the quantitative data showed that the tendencies of extremism among university students do exist and have increased in recent times. Also, a positive relationship between extremism and its numerous key drivers especially identity dynamics and lack of critical thinking abilities among students is identified. Moreover, it is revealed that peace education programs can be a significant tool to mitigate extremism in universities by instilling critical thinking among students, conflict resolution skills, and accepting and giving voice to marginalized groups in society. Finally, this research sheds light on the need for compulsory peace education programs in universities that are focused on inculcating different capabilities among students along with capacity building of teachers to mitigate extremism.