Conflictual Civil-Military Relations in Pakistan; Impact on Socio-political and Economic Aspects of the Society

Abstract

This thesis examines the conflictual civil-military relations in Pakistan and their profound impact on the country's socio-political and economic landscape. Drawing on historical analysis, theoretical frameworks, and empirical evidence from semi-structured interviews, the research argues that the military's enduring dominance in Pakistani society has hindered democratic consolidation, undermined civilian institutions, and exacerbated existing social and economic inequalities. The study explores the colonial legacy that laid the groundwork for a powerful military-bureaucratic oligarchy in Pakistan. It analyzes how this oligarchy, dominated by a particular ethnic group, has consistently prioritized its interests over those of the broader population, leading to social fragmentation and political instability. The thesis scrutinizes the military’s pervasive influence in governance, even during periods of civilian rule, arguing that this influence has taken various forms, from direct intervention through coups to more indirect forms of control through institutions like the National Security Committee. The research examines how this enduring military presence has undermined civilian supremacy, eroded public trust in democratic processes, and hampered the development of a robust and accountable civilian government. Furthermore, the thesis critically examines the military’s extensive involvement in Pakistan's economy through its vast network of business ventures, collectively termed “Milbus”. It investigates how this military-controlled internal economy has created an uneven playing field for private businesses, stifled competition, and potentially diverted resources from crucial social sectors. The research scrutinizes arguments made by both proponents and critics of Milbus, exploring the potential economic benefits and drawbacks of this unique system. However, the study ultimately argues that the lack of transparency and accountability surrounding Milbus, coupled with its intertwined nature with the military's political power, raises serious concerns about fairness, corruption, and the long-term health of Pakistan’s economy. The thesis concludes by emphasizing the urgent need for comprehensive reforms aimed at strengthening civilian institutions, promoting democratic accountability, and addressing the structural imbalances that underpin Pakistan’s conflictual civil-military relations. It suggests that achieving a more equitable, stable, and prosperous Pakistan necessitates a fundamental shift in the balance of power, where civilian authority is unequivocally supreme and the military is confined to its constitutionally mandated role of national defense.