Abstract:
Green plants are an important part of the plant kingdom since they meet human requirements for
food, fuel, clothing, medicine, and other necessities while contributing greatly to global primary
production through photosynthesis. Plant hormones are crucial in controlling signaling networks
and developmental processes, allowing plants to respond to various biotic and abiotic stimuli.
Plants necessitate the hormone ethylene to carry out many activities associated with growth,
development, and stress tolerance. Ethylene predominantly modulates the reactions to salt stress
by augmenting the antioxidant defense, upholding the equilibrium of Na+/K+, nutrients, and
reactive oxygen species (ROS), and stimulating the assimilation of nitrates and sulfates. Acquiring
a deep comprehension of ethylene signaling genes is crucial for understanding the complexities of
the ethylene signaling pathway. The initial molecular genetic study uncovered key components of
ethylene signaling, including as the EIN3 and EIN5 transcription factors, as well as the protein
kinase CTR1. Ethylene signaling pathway negative regulation is mediated by CTR1. The ETR2,
ETR3, ERS1, and ERS2 ethylene receptors are essential parts of the ETR signaling cascade. They
receive ethylene signals and initiate signaling cascades that result in gene expression and other
physiological reactions in plants, including senescence, ripening of the fruit, and germination of
seeds. Understanding the function of ethylene signaling genes in wheat crops' tolerance to salinity
stress requires their identification and expression investigation.
