Identification and Expression Analysis of Ethylene Signaling Genes in Triticum aestivum under Salinity Stress

Abstract

Green plants are an important part of the plant kingdom since they meet human requirements for food, fuel, clothing, medicine, and other necessities while contributing greatly to global primary production through photosynthesis. Plant hormones are crucial in controlling signaling networks and developmental processes, allowing plants to respond to various biotic and abiotic stimuli. Plants necessitate the hormone ethylene to carry out many activities associated with growth, development, and stress tolerance. Ethylene predominantly modulates the reactions to salt stress by augmenting the antioxidant defense, upholding the equilibrium of Na+/K+, nutrients, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and stimulating the assimilation of nitrates and sulfates. Acquiring a deep comprehension of ethylene signaling genes is crucial for understanding the complexities of the ethylene signaling pathway. The initial molecular genetic study uncovered key components of ethylene signaling, including as the EIN3 and EIN5 transcription factors, as well as the protein kinase CTR1. Ethylene signaling pathway negative regulation is mediated by CTR1. The ETR2, ETR3, ERS1, and ERS2 ethylene receptors are essential parts of the ETR signaling cascade. They receive ethylene signals and initiate signaling cascades that result in gene expression and other physiological reactions in plants, including senescence, ripening of the fruit, and germination of seeds. Understanding the function of ethylene signaling genes in wheat crops' tolerance to salinity stress requires their identification and expression investigation.