MIL Derived C-Supported Vanadium Oxides Based Electrode Materials for Metal-Ion Batteries/

Abstract

Energy storage systems (ESS) are crucial for renewable energy generation, particularly batteries used in portable electronic devices and electric vehicles. However, lithium ion batteries face challenges which include high production costs, limited resource availability, and safety concerns. Alternative ESS designs are being developed to provide cost-effective and efficient energy sources for various applications such as; sodium-ion batteries are promising due to their large global resources and cost-effective raw materials, aqueous zinc ion batteries offer a practical solution for excess electricity storage. Some of the major challenges in ESS can be addressed by designing suitable electrode materials capable of achieving improved specific capacities with higher energy and power densities. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are known for their exceptional porosity and low strength coordination link, which can be used for advanced materials fabrication. This work explores the impact of nanoporous carbon architecture based metal oxide materials derived from metal organic framework on their cathodic behavior in metal ion battery systems; • Interknitting of MnO2 Nanowires within Vanadium (III) Oxide Incorporated on Porous Carbon Cathode for Zinc Ion Battery • Metal Organic Framework Derived Vanadium Trioxide Over Porous Carbon Structure for Bifunctional Electrocatalysis in Metal Air Batteries • TiO2@V2O5 Core-Shell Composite derived from Metal-Organic Framework as Efficient Cathode for Sodium-Ion Battery Applications • MIL-101 Derived VOPO4/C Nanocomposite as High Energy Density Cathode for Lithium Ion Batteries This study aims to synthesize vanadium (III) oxide nanoparticles embedded in nanoporous carbon architecture from vanadium-based metal organic framework (MIL 101) by a one-step thermal carbonization at 900 oC in Ar-flow. The evenly distributed nanopores improve the performance as an efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions, For oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), the electrocatalyst established a promising limiting current density (JL) of 5.2 mAcm-2 at 1600 rpm at an onset potential of 1.18 V and a half-wave potential of 0.82 V, and for OER, a current density of 10 mA cm-2 was delivered at a potential of 1.48 V. In the next attempt, the methodology involving the carbonization of V-MIL-101 was further modified to prepare a manganese oxide nanowires interknitted on vanadium oxide with carbon nanocomposite which as cathode material for aqueous zinc ion battery, exhibited the capacity of 299 mAhg‒1 at 0.1C rate for 100 cycles benefitting from the synergistic effect of the high conductivity of Vanadium (III) oxide nanoparticles and suitable voltage of MnO2. A facile synthesis strategy involved a titania (TiO2) pre-doping of metal organic framework template (V-MIL-101) followed by the calcination and pyrolysis to convert it into a titania based core-shell structure along with the nanoporous carbon substrate. This type of composite structure provides an opportunity to explore the full potential of the composite as sodium ion battery cathode by improving the kinetics of sodium ion diffusion through the composite structure exhibiting a much higher reversible capacity of 276.2 mAh/g at 0.1C current rate with a capacity retention of 77.9 % after 200 charge-discharge cycles. Another straightforward approach develops anhydrous VOPO4 with nanoporous carbon structure in the form of a stable nanocomposite denoted as VOPO4/C by chemical treatment of MIL-101 (V) for a 3.8 V lithium-ion battery offering a high specific capacity of 158.5 mAhg-1 . Electrochemical analysis suggests a highly efficient cathode performance with an energy density of 586.45 Wh/kg. The promising electrochemical performance results from the synergistic effect of excellent conductivity of nanoporous carbon and kinetically active VOPO4 nanoflakes, due to a seamless intercalation/extraction of Li+ to maintain a stable structure over long-term cycling resulting in an overall 76 % capacity retention after 200 cycles.