Polymerization of Sodium Styrene Sulfonate on the Surface of Siliconized Foley Catheters to Prevent CAUTI and Encrustation

Abstract

Escalating anti-microbial resistance and multi-drug resistance, driven by the extensive use of antibiotics to combat biofilm formation on catheters, poses a significant challenge in healthcare and also leads to implant rejection and replacement. This study focuses on the development and evaluation of a novel sodium styrene sulfonate-based polymer coating for silicone catheters, aimed at enhancing hydrophilicity, biocompatibility, and resistance to bacterial attachment. The polymer coating synthesis was confirmed via Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), which revealed the successful incorporation of the monomers, evidenced by distinct sulfonate group and styrene ring peaks. Water contact angle measurements indicated a significant increase in hydrophilicity of the coated catheters, essential for reducing friction and improving patient comfort during insertion and removal. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) demonstrated a smooth and uniform coating, enhancing surface durability and preventing bacterial colonization. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDXS) verified the polymer deposition on catheter, showing a composition consistent with sodium styrene sulfonate and reduced silicone presence. Biocompatibility was established through MTT assays on NIH/3T3 cell line and hemolysis tests, both indicating high cell survival rates and non-hemolytic properties. Anti-fouling and bacteriostatic assays highlighted the coating’s effectiveness in significantly reducing bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, addressing major infection risks. Additional evaluations in dynamic urine flow models confirmed the coated catheters' improved resistance to encrustations and blockages, crucial for maintaining catheter functionality. In vivo clinical trials supported the coating’s practical benefits, demonstrating enhanced patient safety and reduced infection risks. The polymer-coated catheters showed promising results in clinical trials, indicating their potential as a superior solution to existing catheter-related issues and offering substantial improvements in patient care and outcomes.