Abstract:
The transportation sector is a significant source of carbon emissions, with private vehicle
usage exacerbating environmental pollution. Electric vehicles offer a sustainable
alternative: however, their widespread transition faces challenges, including charging
infrastructure, operating range limitations, and cost-effectiveness. In developing countries
electricity shortages persist, integrating renewable energy sources into electric vehicles
charging infrastructure is crucial. This study develops a mixed integer linear programming
model to optimize the placement and capacity of electric bus charging stations, while
integrating solar photovoltaic systems to reduce grid dependency. The model aims to
minimize establishment and operational costs while ensuring efficient and sustainable
energy supply. The life cycle cost analysis indicates that electric buses surpass diesel buses
in cost-effectiveness. Financial feasibility is further supported by the net present value and
the discounted payback period. Additionally, solar photovoltaic integration reduces the
socio-economic cost of CO2 emissions, leading to annual savings. The findings provide
actionable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to advance sustainable transportation
infrastructure. This research aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development
Goals: SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and
Infrastructure), and SDG 13 (Climate Action). By demonstrating the feasibility and
benefits of integrating EVs with solar energy, the study presents a roadmap for developing
environmentally and economically sustainable transportation systems.
