Life Cycle Approach to Optimal Placement of Electric Charging Infrastructure with Solar Photovoltaic Integration

Abstract

The transportation sector is a significant source of carbon emissions, with private vehicle usage exacerbating environmental pollution. Electric vehicles offer a sustainable alternative: however, their widespread transition faces challenges, including charging infrastructure, operating range limitations, and cost-effectiveness. In developing countries electricity shortages persist, integrating renewable energy sources into electric vehicles charging infrastructure is crucial. This study develops a mixed integer linear programming model to optimize the placement and capacity of electric bus charging stations, while integrating solar photovoltaic systems to reduce grid dependency. The model aims to minimize establishment and operational costs while ensuring efficient and sustainable energy supply. The life cycle cost analysis indicates that electric buses surpass diesel buses in cost-effectiveness. Financial feasibility is further supported by the net present value and the discounted payback period. Additionally, solar photovoltaic integration reduces the socio-economic cost of CO2 emissions, leading to annual savings. The findings provide actionable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to advance sustainable transportation infrastructure. This research aligns with the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals: SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy), SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure), and SDG 13 (Climate Action). By demonstrating the feasibility and benefits of integrating EVs with solar energy, the study presents a roadmap for developing environmentally and economically sustainable transportation systems.